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Ancient Hsuqliht, also known as Classical Hsuqliht, was a language spoken in [[Hsuqlihta]], it had influence on the Fertile Tongue spoken in the Htaevic Empire. It descended from Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht, which was spoken from some unknown time up until c. 5000 Y. The Hsuqliht languages branched off from [[Ancient Meó]] in approximately the <5100s> Y. It would then undergo numerous innovative sound changes until the 6100s Y, when it split into North and South Hsuqliht, with the South Hsuqliht variety being the one that held more prestige and the one described in this article. It remained relatively conservative for the next approximate thousand years. There was no form of writing sensu stricto, although there was an extensive array of glyphs used to convey spiritual concepts of the [[Herlucc]] religion that the Hsuqlihts practiced, which were occasionally (but rarely) used as a form of proto-writing in some contexts, mainly as mnemonic devices. They would go on to adopt the [[Hlunliw]] logography, influencing it with their own language, which had a position of prestige within the [[Haki Republic]]. It contributed much of the technical and religious vocabulary to the [[Classical Htaevic]] language. The language described in this article is that of the Hsuqliht Empire/Haki Republic, a time period lasting from 7000 Y to 7500 Y. The language had a large impact on the language of Classical Htaevic. There are no written records of the language earlier than this period.
Ancient Hsuqliht, also known as Classical Hsuqliht or simply Hsuqliht, was a language spoken in [[Hsuqlihta]], it had great influence on the Fertile Tongue spoken in the Htaevic Empire.  
 
It descended from Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht, which was spoken from some unknown time up until c. 5000 Y. The Hsuqliht languages branched off from [[Ancient Meó]] in approximately the <5100s> Y. It would then undergo numerous innovative sound changes until the 6100s Y, when it split into North and South Hsuqliht, with the South Hsuqliht variety being the one that held more prestige and the one described in this article. It remained relatively conservative for the next approximate thousand years.  
 
There was no form of writing sensu stricto, although there was an extensive array of glyphs used to convey spiritual concepts of the [[Herlucc]] religion that the Hsuqlihts practiced, which were occasionally (but rarely) used as a form of proto-writing in some contexts, mainly as mnemonic devices. They would go on to adopt the [[Hlunliw]] logography, influencing it with their own language, which had a position of prestige within the [[Haki Republic]].  
 
It contributed much of the technical and religious vocabulary to the [[Classical Htaevic]] language. The language described in this article is that of the Hsuqliht Empire/Haki Republic, a time period lasting from 7000 Y to 7500 Y. The language had a large impact on the language of Classical Htaevic. There are no written records of the language earlier than this period.
 
It was the language to first write down the traditions of [[Herlucc]], which before had been largely oral.
 
It was written using [[Classical Hlunliw]]


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 8: Line 18:
!PULMONIC
!PULMONIC
!Bilabial
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Denti-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
Line 70: Line 80:
|}
|}


* /β/ and /ɸ/ are in free variation with /v/ and /f/ respectively.
* /β/, /ð/ vary between fricative and approximant.
* /β/, /ð/ vary between fricative and approximant.
* /ʝ/ is realised as [ɟʝ], /j/ is present in colloquial/low register speech.
* /ʝ/ is occasionally [j], usually in casual or fast speech, or for ease of pronunciation
* /mβ/ and /nð/ are [mb~mβ] and [nd~nð].
* /mβ/ and /nð/ are [mb~mβ] and [nd~nð].
* /ð/ next to front vowels merges with /ʝ/.
* /h/ - syllable final /h/ may be elided and replaced with compensatory vowel lengthening
* /çç/ is realised as [cç]
* /ð/, /l/, and /r/ may be velarised [ðˠ], [ɫ̪] [rˠ], especially when geminated.
* /h/ - syllable final /h/ may be elided and replaced with compensatory vowel lengthening - 'new' - /mah/ [maː].
 


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Line 89: Line 96:
|i y
|i y
|
|
|ɯ u
|u
|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
|e
|ʲe <nowiki><e></nowiki>
|ə
|ə <nowiki><ë, '></nowiki>
|o
|ʷo <nowiki><o></nowiki>
|-
|-
!Open-mid
!Open-mid
|ɛ
|ɛ <nowiki><è></nowiki>
|
|
|ɔ
|ɔ <nowiki><ò></nowiki>
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
Line 107: Line 114:
|}
|}


Diacritics are used for three vowels, ɛ <è>, ɔ <ò> and ə <ù>. The vowel <ù> was originally /ɯ/ but shifted to /ə/.
The vowel <ë> was originally /ɯ/ but shifted to /ə/. It can also be spelt <'> when it is optional such as in <i>t'siqòn</i> [təsiqɔn] or [tsiqɔn]


There are two diphthongs: ɛi <èi>, ɔu <òu>.
There are two diphthongs: ɛi <èi>, ɔu <òu>.
/e/ and /o/ are commonly [ʲe] and [ʷo] respectively, when stressed
unstressed vowels have different qualities:
* i, e -> ɪ
* u, o -> ʊ
* a, ɛ, ɔ -> ɐ
* ɛi -> ɐi
* ɔu -> ɐu


== Grammar ==  
== Grammar ==  
Line 125: Line 122:
The Ancient Hsuqliht verb paradigm can be summed up as:
The Ancient Hsuqliht verb paradigm can be summed up as:


''VERB STEM-(indirect object)-(direct object)-(tense/aspect/mood with optional subject person marking)
''[VERB STEM]-(indirect object and/or direct object)-(tense/aspect/mood with optional subject person marking)
''
''


=== Tense, Aspect, Mood marking ===
=== Tense, Aspect, and Mood ===
 
Ancient Hsuqliht has 5 moods, compared to Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht's 6, as a result of the subjunctive and potential moods collapsing into one class and the extreme reduction of the jussive, which now functions as the imperative in the second person and first person plural.


Ancient Hsuqliht has 5 moods, compared to Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht's 6, as a result of the subjunctive and potential moods collapsing into one class and the jussive was extremely reduced and now functions as an imperative. Similarly, it has 3 persons as opposed to PMH's 4, as the third & impersonal conjugations have merged into a form that may be used to indicate the third person, or other persons when used in conjunction with pronouns.  
Ancient Hsuqliht verbs have three conjugations for persons as opposed to PMH's four, the Hsuqliht third & impersonal conjugations have merged into one conjugation. This is the "general" conjugation, which is used predominantly for the third person, but may be used with the first or second person with the use of pronouns before the verb.


There are two aspects, perfect and imperfect, but the distinction only occurs in indicative mood. Four tenses are distinguished in all moods, excluding the imperative, distant past, past, present, and future.
There are two aspects, perfect and imperfect, but the distinction only occurs in indicative mood. Four tenses are distinguished in all moods, excluding the imperative, distant past, past, present, and future.


Historical sound changes in the evolution from PMH rendered the perfect conjugations of the conditional and the imperfect conjugations of the optative both with /o/, whilst the imperfect conjugations of the conditional and perfect conjugations of the optative both had /ɔ/. Therefore, the conditional and optative moods have both lost their imperfect conjugations, due to confusions between /o/ and /ɔ/.
Historical sound changes in the evolution from PMH rendered the perfect conjugations of the conditional and the imperfect conjugations of the optative both with /ʷo/, whilst the imperfect conjugations of the conditional and perfect conjugations of the optative both had /ɔ/. Therefore, the conditional and optative moods have both lost their imperfect conjugations, due to confusions between /ʷo/ and /ɔ/.


Appended to the verb ending is the general structure -iCVC, in which the first consonant signals the person, the vowel denotes mood and aspect, and the final consonant denotes tense. The 'i' is a dummy vowel used as most verb stems end in consonants; it may be reduced or omitted in informal speech. The imperative is unique in that it is tenseless and only has two forms, -ki and -si, which denote first personal plural imperative and second person imperative, respectively.
Appended to the verb ending is the general structure -iCVC, in which the first consonant signals the person, the vowel denotes mood and aspect, and the final consonant denotes tense. The 'i' is a dummy vowel used as most verb stems end in consonants; it may be reduced or omitted in informal speech. The imperative is unique in that it is tenseless and only has two forms, -ki and -si, which denote first personal plural imperative and second person imperative, respectively.


==== Person ====
Synchronically, it is easier to analyse the tense/aspect/mood portion of the Hsuqliht verb as fusional, although Proto-Meó-Succlythian was largely agglutinative.
* First person - /k/
* Second person - /s/
* Third person - /h/


Third person verb conjugations may be used to denote other person with the use of a pronoun of the corresponding person before the verb.
==== General Conjugation ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Distant Past
!Past
!Present
!Future
|-
!Perfect Indicative
| -ihèh
| -ihès
| -ic
| -ihèq
|-
!Imperfect Indicative
| -iheh
| -ihes
| -ihej
| -iheq
|-
!Subjunctive
| -ihah
| -ihas
| -ihaj
| -ihaq
|-
!Conditional
| -ihoh
| -ihos
| -ihoj
| -ihoq
|-
!Optative
| -ihòh
| -ihòs
| -ihòj
| -ihòq
|}


==== Mood and Aspect ====
==== First Person Conjugation ====
* Indicative
{| class="wikitable"
** Perfect Indicative - /ɛ/ <è>
!
** Imperfect Indicative - /e/
!Distant Past
* Subjunctive - /a/
!Past
* Conditional - /o/
!Present
* Optative - /ɔ/ <ò>
!Future
|-
!Perfect Indicative
| -ikèh
| -ikès
| -iki
| -ikèq
|-
!Imperfect Indicative
| -ikeh
| -ikes
| -ikej
| -ikeq
|-
!Subjunctive
| -ikah
| -ikas
| -ikaj
| -ikaq
|-
!Conditional
| -ikoh
| -ikos
| -ikoj
| -ikoq
|-
!Optative
| -ikòh
| -ikòs
| -ikòj
| -ikòq
|}


The exception is the Present Perfect Indicative, which is -i in the first and second persons, and combines with preceding -h- to form -ç in the first person, thus -iki, -isi, -iç instead of -ikè, isè, ihè
==== Second Person Conjugation ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Distant Past
!Past
!Present
!Future
|-
!Perfect Indicative
| -isèh
| -isès
| -isi
| -isèq
|-
!Imperfect Indicative
| -iseh
| -ises
| -isej
| -iseq
|-
!Subjunctive
| -isah
| -isas
| -isaj
| -isaq
|-
!Conditional
| -isoh
| -isos
| -isoj
| -isoq
|-
!Optative
| -isòh
| -isòs
| -isòj
| -isòq
|}
 
==== Imperative ====


==== Tense ====
{| class="wikitable"
* Distant Past - /h/
!First Person Plural
* Past - /s/
!Second Person
* Present
|-
** Perfect Indicative, Conditional, Optative - /∅/
| -ki
** Imperfect Indicative, Subjunctive - /j/
| -si
* Future - /q/
|}


==== Assimilation ====
When a verb's conjugation results in the form of a /hih/, /kik/, or /sis/ sequence involving the /i/ in the iCVC sequence, the following sound changes may be made (these are avoided in high register speech, but common elsewhere);
When a verb's conjugation results in the form of a /hih/, /kik/, or /sis/ sequence involving the /i/ in the iCVC sequence, the following sound changes may be made (these are avoided in high register speech, but common elsewhere);


* /hih/ -> /cç/ e.g. dahihèq -> daccèq
* /hih/ -> /cç/ e.g. dahihèq -> dacceq
* /kik/ -> /kk(j)/ e.g. makiko -> makkjo~makko
* /kik/ -> /kk(j)/ e.g. makiko -> makkjo~makko
* /sis/ -> /ss(j)/ e.g. rifasisah -> rifassjah~rifassah
* /sis/ -> /ss(j)/ e.g. rifasisah -> rifassjah~rifassah


=== "Person Portion" ===
=== Indirect and Direct Objects of the Verb ===


An indirect and direct object may be optionally inserted into the verb. The indirect object precedes the direct object. The vowel /a/ is used to break up consonant clusters when necessary. Their forms are as follows:
An indirect and/or a direct object may be optionally inserted into the verb. All the forms can be summarised by the following table:


Indirect objects
{| class="wikitable"
* First person - -q- (in free variation with -ɴ-, the only example of /ɴ/ in the language)
!
* Second person - -n-
!No direct
* Third person - -m-  
!First person direct
 
!Second person direct
Direct objects
!Third person direct
* First person - -k-
|-
* Second person - -n-  
!No indirect
* Third person - -h-
|
 
| -ak-
Additionally, there are nine combined forms, some of which are subject to certain phonological processes.
| -an-
 
| -ah-
* First person indirect object -q-
|-
* First person direct object -qk-
!First person indirect
* Second person direct object -qn-
| -aq-
* Third person direct object -qh-  
| -aqq-
* Second Person indirect object -n-
| -aqn-
* First person direct object -nk-
| -aq-
* Second person direct object -nn-
|-
* Third person direct object -nh-
!Second person indirect
* Third person indirect object -m-
| -an-
* First person direct object -mk-
| -ant-
* Second person direct object -mn-
| -ann-
* Third person direct object -mh-
| -at-
|-
!Third person indirect
| -am-
| -amp-
| -amn-
| -ap-
|}


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==
Line 205: Line 316:
! Arabic !! Hsuqliht!! Word !! IPA
! Arabic !! Hsuqliht!! Word !! IPA
|-
|-
| 1 || ı || dia || ˈʝi.a
| 1 || ı || dia || ˈði.a
|-
|-
| 2 || ʟ || ser || ˈser
| 2 || ʟ || ser || ˈsʲer
|-
|-
| 3 || и || pok || ˈpok
| 3 || и || pok || ˈpʷok
|-
|-
| 4 || v || klet || ˈklet
| 4 || v || klet || ˈklʲet
|-
|-
| 5 || ʜ || cep || ˈçep
| 5 || ʜ || cep || ˈçʲep
|-
|-
| 6 || ∇ || hac || ˈhaç
| 6 || ∇ || hac || ˈhaç
Line 220: Line 331:
|-
|-
| 8 || ı- || jòk || ˈʝɔk
| 8 || ı- || jòk || ˈʝɔk
|}
=== Religious Glossary ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Hsuqliht !! Meaning
|-
|<i>cakotmak kufukudisi</i> || false accusal of <i>kufukudisi</i>
|-
|<i>hako</i> || murder
|-
|<i>hnibu</i> || unlawful sex
|-
|<i>jehaba</i> || environment
|-
|<i>jus</i> || theft (including kidnapping)
|-
|<i>kahol<i> || human conscience/prescience/sentience
|-
|<i>Kanea</i> || the most important concept in Herlucc
|-
|<i>kufukudi (jòk)</i> || the (eight) interpersonal crimes of Herlucc
|-
|<i>kunah</i> || negligence
|-
|<i>lisòje</i> || good deeds
|-
|<i>lisòjesi-k'njah </i> || the pressure of the righteous
|-
|<i>pont</i> || bad deeds
|-
|<i>pontsi ko</i> || committer of bad deeds
|-
|<i>pòntabaf</i> || torture
|-
|<i>qalpaf</i> || abuse/assault
|-
|<i>sialaq</i> || other people's body, privacy, and sometimes property
|-
|<i>sialaqdi pèk</i> || transgressence of <i>sialaq</i>
|-
|<i>t'sidu</i> || the salt of the Grand Kiya's tears
|-
|<i>t'siqòn</i> || religious salt sculptures
|-
|<i>tunihejsi ran</i> || the howling sands, the sandstorm in which Herlucc was revealed
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 18:40, 16 October 2024

Ancient Hsuqliht, also known as Classical Hsuqliht or simply Hsuqliht, was a language spoken in Hsuqlihta, it had great influence on the Fertile Tongue spoken in the Htaevic Empire.

It descended from Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht, which was spoken from some unknown time up until c. 5000 Y. The Hsuqliht languages branched off from Ancient Meó in approximately the <5100s> Y. It would then undergo numerous innovative sound changes until the 6100s Y, when it split into North and South Hsuqliht, with the South Hsuqliht variety being the one that held more prestige and the one described in this article. It remained relatively conservative for the next approximate thousand years.

There was no form of writing sensu stricto, although there was an extensive array of glyphs used to convey spiritual concepts of the Herlucc religion that the Hsuqlihts practiced, which were occasionally (but rarely) used as a form of proto-writing in some contexts, mainly as mnemonic devices. They would go on to adopt the Hlunliw logography, influencing it with their own language, which had a position of prestige within the Haki Republic.

It contributed much of the technical and religious vocabulary to the Classical Htaevic language. The language described in this article is that of the Hsuqliht Empire/Haki Republic, a time period lasting from 7000 Y to 7500 Y. The language had a large impact on the language of Classical Htaevic. There are no written records of the language earlier than this period.

It was the language to first write down the traditions of Herlucc, which before had been largely oral.

It was written using Classical Hlunliw

Phonology

Consonants

PULMONIC Bilabial Denti-Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Voiceless stop p t k q
Voiced continuants β <b> ð <d> ʝ <j>
Fricative ɸ <f> θ <th> ç <c> h
Sibilant s
Liquids l
Trill or Tap r
  • /β/, /ð/ vary between fricative and approximant.
  • /ʝ/ is occasionally [j], usually in casual or fast speech, or for ease of pronunciation
  • /mβ/ and /nð/ are [mb~mβ] and [nd~nð].
  • /h/ - syllable final /h/ may be elided and replaced with compensatory vowel lengthening
  • /ð/, /l/, and /r/ may be velarised [ðˠ], [ɫ̪] [rˠ], especially when geminated.

Vowels

Vowels Front Mid Back
Close i y u
Close-mid ʲe <e> ə <ë, '> ʷo <o>
Open-mid ɛ <è> ɔ <ò>
Open a

The vowel <ë> was originally /ɯ/ but shifted to /ə/. It can also be spelt <'> when it is optional such as in t'siqòn [təsiqɔn] or [tsiqɔn]

There are two diphthongs: ɛi <èi>, ɔu <òu>.

Grammar

The Ancient Hsuqliht verb paradigm can be summed up as:

[VERB STEM]-(indirect object and/or direct object)-(tense/aspect/mood with optional subject person marking)

Tense, Aspect, and Mood

Ancient Hsuqliht has 5 moods, compared to Proto-Meó-Hsuqliht's 6, as a result of the subjunctive and potential moods collapsing into one class and the extreme reduction of the jussive, which now functions as the imperative in the second person and first person plural.

Ancient Hsuqliht verbs have three conjugations for persons as opposed to PMH's four, the Hsuqliht third & impersonal conjugations have merged into one conjugation. This is the "general" conjugation, which is used predominantly for the third person, but may be used with the first or second person with the use of pronouns before the verb.

There are two aspects, perfect and imperfect, but the distinction only occurs in indicative mood. Four tenses are distinguished in all moods, excluding the imperative, distant past, past, present, and future.

Historical sound changes in the evolution from PMH rendered the perfect conjugations of the conditional and the imperfect conjugations of the optative both with /ʷo/, whilst the imperfect conjugations of the conditional and perfect conjugations of the optative both had /ɔ/. Therefore, the conditional and optative moods have both lost their imperfect conjugations, due to confusions between /ʷo/ and /ɔ/.

Appended to the verb ending is the general structure -iCVC, in which the first consonant signals the person, the vowel denotes mood and aspect, and the final consonant denotes tense. The 'i' is a dummy vowel used as most verb stems end in consonants; it may be reduced or omitted in informal speech. The imperative is unique in that it is tenseless and only has two forms, -ki and -si, which denote first personal plural imperative and second person imperative, respectively.

Synchronically, it is easier to analyse the tense/aspect/mood portion of the Hsuqliht verb as fusional, although Proto-Meó-Succlythian was largely agglutinative.

General Conjugation

Distant Past Past Present Future
Perfect Indicative -ihèh -ihès -ic -ihèq
Imperfect Indicative -iheh -ihes -ihej -iheq
Subjunctive -ihah -ihas -ihaj -ihaq
Conditional -ihoh -ihos -ihoj -ihoq
Optative -ihòh -ihòs -ihòj -ihòq

First Person Conjugation

Distant Past Past Present Future
Perfect Indicative -ikèh -ikès -iki -ikèq
Imperfect Indicative -ikeh -ikes -ikej -ikeq
Subjunctive -ikah -ikas -ikaj -ikaq
Conditional -ikoh -ikos -ikoj -ikoq
Optative -ikòh -ikòs -ikòj -ikòq

Second Person Conjugation

Distant Past Past Present Future
Perfect Indicative -isèh -isès -isi -isèq
Imperfect Indicative -iseh -ises -isej -iseq
Subjunctive -isah -isas -isaj -isaq
Conditional -isoh -isos -isoj -isoq
Optative -isòh -isòs -isòj -isòq

Imperative

First Person Plural Second Person
-ki -si

Assimilation

When a verb's conjugation results in the form of a /hih/, /kik/, or /sis/ sequence involving the /i/ in the iCVC sequence, the following sound changes may be made (these are avoided in high register speech, but common elsewhere);

  • /hih/ -> /cç/ e.g. dahihèq -> dacceq
  • /kik/ -> /kk(j)/ e.g. makiko -> makkjo~makko
  • /sis/ -> /ss(j)/ e.g. rifasisah -> rifassjah~rifassah

Indirect and Direct Objects of the Verb

An indirect and/or a direct object may be optionally inserted into the verb. All the forms can be summarised by the following table:

No direct First person direct Second person direct Third person direct
No indirect -ak- -an- -ah-
First person indirect -aq- -aqq- -aqn- -aq-
Second person indirect -an- -ant- -ann- -at-
Third person indirect -am- -amp- -amn- -ap-

Vocabulary

Ancient Hsuqliht had an octal number system:

Arabic Hsuqliht Word IPA
1 ı dia ˈði.a
2 ʟ ser ˈsʲer
3 и pok ˈpʷok
4 v klet ˈklʲet
5 ʜ cep ˈçʲep
6 ∇ hac ˈhaç
7 ʌ ròn ˈrɔn
8 ı- jòk ˈʝɔk

Religious Glossary

Hsuqliht Meaning
cakotmak kufukudisi false accusal of kufukudisi
hako murder
hnibu unlawful sex
jehaba environment
jus theft (including kidnapping)
kahol human conscience/prescience/sentience
Kanea the most important concept in Herlucc
kufukudi (jòk) the (eight) interpersonal crimes of Herlucc
kunah negligence
lisòje good deeds
lisòjesi-k'njah the pressure of the righteous
pont bad deeds
pontsi ko committer of bad deeds
pòntabaf torture
qalpaf abuse/assault
sialaq other people's body, privacy, and sometimes property
sialaqdi pèk transgressence of sialaq
t'sidu the salt of the Grand Kiya's tears
t'siqòn religious salt sculptures
tunihejsi ran the howling sands, the sandstorm in which Herlucc was revealed
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