Old Unuvi: Difference between revisions
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! <center>Plosive</center> | ! <center>Plosive</center> | ||
| <center>k͡p p ⟨kp p⟩</center> | | <center>k͡p p ⟨kp p⟩</center> | ||
| <center>t̪ t̪̻ ⟨t | | <center>t̪ t̪̻ ⟨t t<sub>2</sub>⟩</center> | ||
| <center>k ⟨k⟩</center> | | <center>k ⟨k⟩</center> | ||
| <center>q ⟨q⟩</center> | | <center>q ⟨q⟩</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <center>Nasal</center> | ! <center>Nasal</center> | ||
| <center>ŋ͡m m | | <center>ŋ͡m m ⟨n<sub>2</sub>m m⟩</center> | ||
| <center>n̪ ⟨n⟩</center> | | <center>n̪ ⟨n⟩</center> | ||
| <center>ŋ | | <center>ŋ ⟨n<sub>2</sub>⟩</center> | ||
| <center>ɴ | | <center>ɴ ⟨n<sub>3</sub>⟩</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <center>Tap/Flap</center> | ! <center>Tap/Flap</center> | ||
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| <center>l̪ ⟨l⟩</center> | | <center>l̪ ⟨l⟩</center> | ||
| <center>ɰ ⟨w⟩</center> | | <center>ɰ ⟨w⟩</center> | ||
| <center>ʟ̠ | | <center>ʟ̠ ⟨l<sub>2</sub>⟩</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Speakers of Old Unuvi associated each point of vowel articulation with a gender. ⟨i⟩ was associated with the green gender, ⟨a⟩ with the foreign gender and ⟨u⟩ with the heavenly gender. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Vowels in Old Unuvi | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Vowels | ! Vowels | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Old Unuvi had a complex set of '''personal pronouns'''. Green and foreign pronouns have both a short form and a longer form with an attached ''-kpa''. Heavenly pronouns have both a short form and a longer form with prefixed ''u-'' (''un-'' in front of vowels). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Old Unuvi pronouns | |||
! !! Green (G) !! Foreign (F) !! Heavenly (H) | |||
|- | |||
! Singular (SG) | |||
| ''l<sub>2</sub>aa(kpa)'' || ''pi(kpa)'' || ''(un)lii'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dual (DU) | |||
| ''t<sub>2</sub>a(kpa)'' || ''ni(kpa)'' || ''(un)ma'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural (PL) | |||
| ''t<sub>2</sub>at<sub>2</sub>a(kpa)'' || ''ki(kpa)'' || ''(un)kii'' | |||
|} | |||
In addition to personal pronouns, there were a complex set of '''demonstrative pronouns''' conjugated for gender. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|+Demonstratives in Old Unuvi | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Proximal !! colspan="3" | Medial !! colspan="3" | Distal !! colspan="3" | Interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|Green}} || {{small|Foreign}} || {{small|Heavenly}} || {{small|Green}} || {{small|Foreign}} || {{small|Heavenly}} || {{small|Green}} || {{small|Foreign}} || {{small|Heavenly}} || {{small|Green}} || {{small|Foreign}} || {{small|Heavenly}} | |||
|- | |||
! Nominal | |||
| ''ikit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)'' || ''akit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)''|| ''(un)ukit<sub>2</sub>u'' || ''imit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)'' || ''amit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)''|| ''(un)umit<sub>2</sub>u'' || ''ilit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)'' || ''alit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)''|| ''(un)ulit<sub>2</sub>u'' || ''itit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)'' || ''atit<sub>2</sub>u(kpa)''|| ''(un)utit<sub>2</sub>u'' | |||
|- | |||
! Location | |||
| ''ikil<sub>2</sub>a''|| ''akil<sub>2</sub>a''|| ''ukil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''imil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''amil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''uiml<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''ilil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''alil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''ulil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''itil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''atil<sub>2</sub>a'' || ''util<sub>2</sub>a'' | |||
|- | |||
! Direction | |||
| ''ikirii''|| ''akirii''|| ''ukirii''|| ''imirii''|| ''amirii''|| ''umirii''|| ''ilirii'' || ''alirii'' || ''ulirii'' || ''itirii'' || ''atirii'' || ''atirii'' | |||
|} | |||
Revision as of 21:56, 18 November 2019
Old Unuvi is the oldest form of the Unuvi language, attested in documents from the 84th century.
Phonology
Consonants
| Consonants | Bilabial | Dental | Velar | Uvular |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Vowels
Speakers of Old Unuvi associated each point of vowel articulation with a gender. ⟨i⟩ was associated with the green gender, ⟨a⟩ with the foreign gender and ⟨u⟩ with the heavenly gender.
| Vowels | Front | Back |
|---|---|---|
Grammar
Pronouns
Old Unuvi had a complex set of personal pronouns. Green and foreign pronouns have both a short form and a longer form with an attached -kpa. Heavenly pronouns have both a short form and a longer form with prefixed u- (un- in front of vowels).
| Green (G) | Foreign (F) | Heavenly (H) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular (SG) | l2aa(kpa) | pi(kpa) | (un)lii |
| Dual (DU) | t2a(kpa) | ni(kpa) | (un)ma |
| Plural (PL) | t2at2a(kpa) | ki(kpa) | (un)kii |
In addition to personal pronouns, there were a complex set of demonstrative pronouns conjugated for gender.
| Proximal | Medial | Distal | Interrogative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green | Foreign | Heavenly | Green | Foreign | Heavenly | Green | Foreign | Heavenly | Green | Foreign | Heavenly | |
| Nominal | ikit2u(kpa) | akit2u(kpa) | (un)ukit2u | imit2u(kpa) | amit2u(kpa) | (un)umit2u | ilit2u(kpa) | alit2u(kpa) | (un)ulit2u | itit2u(kpa) | atit2u(kpa) | (un)utit2u |
| Location | ikil2a | akil2a | ukil2a | imil2a | amil2a | uiml2a | ilil2a | alil2a | ulil2a | itil2a | atil2a | util2a |
| Direction | ikirii | akirii | ukirii | imirii | amirii | umirii | ilirii | alirii | ulirii | itirii | atirii | atirii |